Publications

Abstracts or summaries of many of these publications are available on free PubMed. Articles published in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy and Clinical Microbiology Reviews are available free online 6 months or 1 year, respectively, after publication.

PubMed

Papadopoulos CJ, Carson CF, Chang BJ, Riley TV. 2008. Role of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in tolerance to tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil and its monoterpene components terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and alpha-terpineol. Appl Environ Microbiol. 74(6):1932-5.

Carson CF, Smith DW, Lampacher GJ, Riley TV. 2008. Use of deception to achieve double-blinding in a clinical trial of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Contemp Clin Trials. 29(1):9-12.

Papadopoulos CJ, Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. 2006. Susceptibility of pseudomonads to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and components.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 58(2):449-51.

Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV.  2006. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19(1):50-62

Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV, Nielsen JB. 2005.  A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil.  Food and Chemical Toxicology 44:616-625.

Messager S, Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. 2005. Effectiveness of hand-cleansing formulations containing tea tree oil assessed ex vivo on human skin and in vivo with volunteers using European standard EN 1499. J Hosp Infect. 2005 Mar;59(3):220-228.

Messager S, Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. 2005. Assessment of the antibacterial activity of tea tree oil using the European EN 1276 and EN 12054 standard suspension tests. J Hosp Infect. 2005 Feb;59(2):113-125.

Longbottom CJ, Carson CF, Hammer KA, Mee BJ, Riley TV. 2004. Tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil is associated with the outer membrane and energy dependent cellular processes. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 54:386-392.

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 2004. Antifungal effects of tea tree oil and components against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 53:1081-1085. 

Hammer KA, Dry L, Johnson M, Michalak EM, Carson CF & Riley TV. 2003. Susceptibility of oral bacteria to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. Oral Microbiology & Immunology 18:389-392. 

Hammer KA, Carson CF & Riley TV. 2003. Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology 95(4):853-860.

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 2002. In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 50:195-199.

Carson CF. Mee BJ. Riley TV. 2002. Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 46(6):1914-1920.

Carson, CF. Ashton L. Dry L. Smith DW. Riley TV. 2001. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil gel (6%) for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. (letter) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 48:450-451.

Carson CF. Riley TV. 2001. Safety, efficacy and provenance of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil [Review]. Contact Dermatitis 45(2): 65-67.

Brand C. Ferrante A. Prager RH. Riley TV. Carson CF. Finlay-Jones JJ. Hart PH. 2001. The water-soluble components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) suppress the production of superoxide by human monocytes, but not neutrophils, activated in vitro. [Article] Inflammation Research. 50(4): 213-219.

Hart PH. Brand C. Carson CF. Riley TV. Prager RH. Finlay-Jones JJ. 2000. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses  inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflammation Research 49(11): 619-626.

Caelli M. Porteous J. Carson CF. Heller R. Riley TV. 2000. Tea tree oil as an alternative topical decolonization agent for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Hospital Infection 46 (3): 236-237.

Carson CF. Ashton L, Dry L, Smith DW, Riley TV. 2000. A randomised, placebo-controlled, single-blind pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of tea tree oil gel (6%) in the treatment of herpes labialis. Poster presented at European Virology 2000, 17-21 September, Glasgow, Scotland.

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 2000. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits germ tube formation by Candida albicans. Medical Mycology 38 (5): 354 - 361.

Greig JE. Carson CF. Stuckey MS. Riley TV. 2000. Prevalence of delayed hypersensitivity to the European standard series in a self-selected population. Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 41(2):86-89.

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 2000. In vitro activities of ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Malassezia species. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 44(2): 467-469.

Greig JE. Thoo SL. Carson CF. Riley TV. 1999. Allergic contact dermatitis following use of a tea tree oil hand-wash not due to tea tree oil. [Article] Contact Dermatitis. 41(6): 354-355.

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 86(6): 985-990.

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 1999. Influence of organic matter, cations and surfactants on the antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 86(3): 446-452.

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 1999. In vitro susceptibilities of lactobacilli and organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. [Letter] Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy. 43(1):196.

Carson CF. Riley TV. Cookson BD.  1998. Efficacy and safety of tea tree oil as a topical antimicrobial agent. [Editorial]  Journal of Hospital Infection. 40(3):175-178.

Carson CF. Hammer KA. Riley TV. 1998. A brief review of antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) [Review] Mikologia Lekarska. 5: 205-207.

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 1998. In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against Candida spp. [Article] Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 42: 591-595. 

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 1997. In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia furfur to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. [Article] Journal of Medical & Veterinary Mycology. 35(5): 375-7. 

Carson CF. Hammer KA. Riley TV. 1997. Use of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) in cutaneous fungal infections. [Letter] Journal of British Podiatric Medicine. 52:iv-v.

Carson CF. Hammer KA. Riley TV. 1996. In-vitro activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia against Streptococcus spp. [Letter] Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 37(6):1177-1178.

Hammer KA. Carson CF. Riley TV. 1996. Susceptibility of transient and commensal skin flora to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). [Article] American Journal of Infection Control. 24(3):186-9. 

Carson CF. Hammer KA. Riley TV. 1995. Broth micro-dilution method for determining the susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). [Article] Microbios. 82(332):181-5. 

Carson CF. Cookson BD. Farrelly HD. Riley TV. 1995. Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. [Article] Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 35(3): 421-424. 

Carson CF. Riley TV. 1995. Antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. [Article] Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 78(3): 264-269.

Carson CF. Riley TV. 1995. Toxicity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia or tea tree oil [Letter; comment]. Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology. 33(2): 193-194.

Carson CF. Riley TV. 1994. Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. [Article] Letters in Applied Microbiology. 19: 24-25. 

Carson CF. Riley TV. 1994. The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil [Letter]. Medical Journal of Australia. 160(4): 236. 

Carson CF. Riley TV. 1993. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia [Review] Letters in Applied Microbiology. 16: 49-55.